US Agriculture Needs a 21st-Century New Deal

by Jonathan Latham

by Maywa Montenegro, Annie Shattuck and Joshua Sbicca

These are difficult times in farm country. Historic spring rains – 600% above average in some places – inundated fields and homes. The U.S. Department of Agriculture predicts that this year’s corn and soybean crops will be the smallest in four years, due partly to delayed planting.

Even before the floods, farm bankruptcies were already at a 10-year high. In 2018 less than half of U.S. growers made any income from their farms, and median farm income dipped to negative $1,553 – that is, a net loss.

At the same time, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that about 12 years remain to rein in global greenhouse gas emissions enough to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Beyond this point, scientists predict significantly higher risks of drought, floods and extreme heat.

And a landmark UN report released in May warns that roughly 1 million species are now threatened with extinction. This includes pollinators that provide US$235 billion to $577 billion in annual global crop value.

As scholars who study agroecology, agrarian change and food politics, we believe U.S. agriculture needs to make a systemwide shift that cuts carbon emissions, reduces vulnerability to climate chaos and prioritizes economic justice. We call this process a just transition – an idea often invoked to describe moving workers from shrinking industries like coal mining into more viable fields.

But it also applies to modern agriculture, an industry which in our view is dying – not because it isn’t producing enough, but because it is contributing to climate change and exacerbating rural problems, from income inequality to the opioid crisis.

Reconstructing rural America and dealing with climate change are both part of this process. Two elements are essential: agriculture based in principles of ecology, and economic policies that end overproduction of cheap food and reestablish fair prices for farmers.

Since the mid-1930s, the number of U.S. farms has declined sharply and average farm size has increased. USDA
Since the mid-1930s, the number of U.S. farms has declined sharply and average farm size has increased. USDA

Climate solutions on the farm

Agriculture generates about 9% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from sources that include synthetic fertilizers and intensive livestock operations. These emissions can be significantly curbed through adopting methods of agroecology, a science that applies principles of ecology to designing sustainable food systems.

Agroecological practices include replacing fossil-fuel-based inputs like fertilizer with a range of diverse plants, animals, fungi, insects and soil organisms. By mimicking ecological interactions, biodiversity produces both food and renewable ecosystem services, such as soil nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration.

Cover crops are a good example. Farmers grow cover crops like legumes, rye and alfalfa to reduce soil erosion, improve water retention and add nitrogen to the soil, thereby curbing fertilizer use. When these crops decay, they store carbon – typically about 1 to 1.5 tons of carbon dioxide per 2.47 acres per year.

Cover crop acreage has surged in recent years, from 10.3 million acres in 2012 to 15.4 million acres in 2017. But this is a tiny fraction of the roughly 900 million acres of farmed land in the U.S.

Another strategy is switching from row crops to agroforestry, which combines trees, livestock and crops in a single field. This approach can increase soil carbon storage by up to 34%. And moving animals from large-scale livestock farms back onto crop farms can turn waste into nutrient inputs.

Unfortunately, many U.S. farmers are stuck in industrial production. A 2016 study by an international expert panel identified eight key “lock-ins,” or mechanisms, that reinforce the large-scale model. They include consumer expectations of cheap food, export-oriented trade, and most importantly, concentration of power in the global food and agricultural sector.

Because these lock-ins create a deeply entrenched system, revitalizing rural America and decarbonizing agriculture require addressing systemwide issues of politics and power. We believe a strong starting point is connecting ecological practices to economic policy, especially price parity – the principle that farmers ought to be fairly compensated, in line with their production costs.

Economic justice on the farm

If the concept of parity sounds quaint, that’s because it is. Farmers first achieved something like parity in 1910-1914, just before America entered World War I. During the war U.S. agriculture prospered, financing flowed and land speculation was rampant.

Those bubbles burst with the end of the war. As crop prices fell below the cost of production, farmers began going broke in a prelude to the Great Depression. Unsurprisingly, they tried to produce more food to get out of debt, even as prices collapsed.

President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal included programs that directed public investments to rural communities and restored “parity.” The federal government established price floors, bought up surplus commodities and stored them in reserve. It also paid farmers to reduce production of basic crops, and established programs to prevent destructive farming practices that had contributed to the Dust Bowl.

An Agricultural Adjustment Administration representative in his office, Taos County, New Mexico, December 1941. The agency was created under the New Deal to reduce farm surpluses and manage production. Irving Rusinow
An Agricultural Adjustment Administration representative in his office, Taos County, New Mexico, December 1941. The agency was created under the New Deal to reduce farm surpluses and manage production. Irving Rusinow

These policies provided much-needed relief for indebted farmers. In the “parity years,” from 1941 to 1953, the floor price was set at 90% of parity, and the prices farmers received averaged 100% of parity. As a result, purchasers of commodities paid the actual production costs.

But after World War II, agribusiness interests systematically dismantled the supply management system. They included global grain trading companies Archer Daniels Midland and Cargill and the American Farm Bureau Federation, which serves primarily large-scale farmers.

These organizations found support from federal officials, particularly Earl Butz, who served as secretary of agriculture from 1971 to 1976. Butz believed strongly in free markets and viewed federal policy as a lever to maximize output instead of constraining it. Under his watch, prices were allowed to fall – benefiting corporate purchasers – and parity was replaced by federal payments to supplement farmers’ incomes.

The resulting lock-in to this economic model progressively strengthened in the following decades, creating what many scientific assessments now recognize as a global food system that is unsustainable for farmers, eaters and the planet.

A new New Deal for agriculture

Today the idea of restoring parity and reducing corporate power in agriculture is resurging. Several 2020 Democratic presidential candidates have included it in their agriculture positions and legislation. Think tanks are proposing to empower family farms. Dairy delegates to the regulation-averse Wisconsin Farm Bureau Foundation voted in December 2018 to discuss supply management.

Along with other scholars, we have urged Congress to use the proposed Green New Deal to promote a just transition in agriculture. We see this as an opportunity to restore wealth to rural America in all of its diversity – particularly to communities of color who have been systematically excluded for decades from benefits available to white farmers.

This year’s biblical floods in the Midwest make any kind of farming look daunting. However, we believe that if policymakers can envision a contemporary version of ideas in the original New Deal, a climate-friendly and socially just American agriculture is within reach.

Maywa Montenegro is UC President’s Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Davis

Annie Shattuck is a Ph.D Candidate, University of California, Berkeley

Joshua Sbicca is Assistant Professor of Sociology, Colorado State University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article

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Comments 5
  • Please Stop deceiving people about the ‘Climate Change’, which is caused in its biggest degree by the illegal, criminal, totally suppressed geoengineering of our skies, microwaving them and distributing the chemical slurry with the water anywhere where those on the steering wheel, want it to go. For decades old patents, documents, details on how it is all accomplished, please go to: http://www.geoengineeringwatch.org

  • Contrary to the view expressed in this piece, the primary way atmospheric carbon is sequestered in soil is not through a decay or decomposition process, as previously believed, but rather through a synthesis process, occurring inside nodules found attached to roots in healthy soil, that uses sugars delivered via root exudates, a.k.a. the “Liquid Carbon Pathway” as elucidated by Christine Jones.

    For more information, see …
    SOS: Save our Soils
    Interview with Australian soil ecologist Dr. Christine Jones
    Acres, March 2015, Vol. 45, No. 3
    http://www.amazingcarbon.com/PDF/Jones_ACRES_USA%20%28March2015%29.pdf

    To follow this topic, join the Soil4Climate Facebook group (details follow).

    Soil4Climate, a U.S.-based nonprofit, nongovernmental organization, advocates for soil restoration as a climate solution. Soil4Climate promotes regenerative cropping and grazing practices to improve soil fertility, increase the bionutrient density of food, restore wildlife habitat, reduce flooding, replenish dried-up lakes and rivers, revitalize farming and pastoral communities, and lessen international conflict while sequestering atmospheric carbon. Join the 11,800+ scientists, farmers, policymakers, journalists, and concerned global citizens of Soil4Climate at facebook.com/groups/Soil4Climate

  • As written here in this article the 20th century approach in USA (and other places, like USSR with CCCP, albeit sort of like a reverse approach to highly concentrated planning / dictating / unhealthy market manipulations / innovations mostly towards the degenerative) to agriculture governance was anything but “free market” in US 20th century and currents shed light on in this article (Not that free should mean free of ecological wellness / soundness through some public effort for applying unbiased legitimate science when/free market and crop insurance is obviously failing beyond isolated lackings – and due legal deligent oversight to stop gross negligence and worse, ie application of science based legal justice (Even and especially when the Mon(USDA)santos says other and not wise, such as evidenced in their not only Not being brought to justice Early on in their toxic deceitful efforts and toxic drift lawsuit scams / bullying / mafia-like infiltrations…. Application of genuine intelligence such as the above article writes on.

    Very much right on this, as you say in this article, Just Transitions.. Bringing potential for more people to be welcomed / be backed with knowledge of healthy regenerative/organic successes to return to healthy farming and in greater numbers / smaller & more local farms than deceitful & toxic system we have largely known since (fake) “green revolution” / militarization of much of farming via unhealthy regulatory branches embedded with profiteering scams of synthetic chemicals industry origins.

    Bolster SNAP towards being smarter in every state / territory, making benefits smart requiring high percentages of purchases be of low processed as well as helping promote more local grown foods, and towards much more regenerative organics. (Much of the current industrialized farming subsidies redirected towards improved / bolstered SNAP benefits for 5+ years, then when people realize long run savings in this approach, this will become self sustaining in not needing as much, will only need minor adjustments to continue long-run improvements)
    Thanks, will check out the Just Transitions www reference in article.

  • During the great depression the Federal government forced many farmers to destroy livestock to reduce oversupply — they really didn’t pay the farmer anything close to parity. That tidbit was from an old farmer who lived thru those times.

  • There are things that people need to know or understand in my opinion. Farmers are very good at adapting to different scenarios or ages. Now with that being said there have been some really hard struggles the past few years due to flooding and other things. Everyone thinks that the government keeps every farmer afloat with money from the government. That’s not true at all. Also, the climate changing does not affect how farmers are doing things. There have been all kinds of climate changes over the years and yet we still get through it. Everyone thinks that we need to change everything about farming. I wont disagree that we need to change in some ways but I feel that there are a lot of good things that we have been doing for generations and its the best way for generations to come.

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